Antivenoms

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME CHOICE OF ANTIVENOM
Acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus Common death adder
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder Anti-venom (2-6 vials) ^1,2,3
(Australia - New Guinea) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3

Acanthophis antarcticus laevis Eastern death adder
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder Antivenom (2-6 vials)^1,2,3
(Australia - New Guinea) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3

Acanthophis pyrrhus Desert or Central death adder
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder Antivenom (2-6 vials)^1,3
(Australia-New Guinea) CSL: Polyvalent³

Bothrops alternatus Urutu
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3
(Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2

Bothrops atrox Barba amarilla (Fer-de-lance)
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico2,3
(Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2
(Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2

Bothrops atroxalsoBothrops asper Terciopelo (Fer-de-lance)
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan:Antibothropico³
(Mexico) INH: Polyvalent¹

Bothrops andianus Andean pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops bilineatus bilineatus Amazonian pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Venezuela) Polyvalent¹
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops brazili Brazil's tree viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Peru) INH: Polyvalent¹
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops caribbeaus St. Lucia pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops cotiara Cotiara
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3
(Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antiphidico¹

Bothrops godmani Godman's pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops jararaca Jararaca
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico -lachetic^1,2
(Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2

Bothrops jararacussu Jararacussu
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico - lachetic^1,2
(Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2

Bothrops lanceolatus Fer-de-lance
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops lateralis Palm viper
Yellow-lined palm (pit) viper

(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops nasuta Hog-nosed pit viper
Hog-nosed viper

(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops neuwiedi Maxmilian's viper
Wied's lancehead

(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antiphidico¹
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico - lachetico¹

Bothrops nigroviridis Black spotted palm (pit) viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops nummifer Jumping pit viper
Jumping viper

(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops ophroyomegas Western hog-nosed pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops peruvianus Peruvian pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops picadoi Picadoi pit viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bothrops schlegeli Eyelash viper
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Venezuela) Polyvalent¹
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³

Bungarus caeruleus Indian krait
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder³
(India) Haffkine: Bungarus^1,2
(India) Haffkine: Polyvalent^1,2

Bungarus candidus Malayan krait
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder³
(India) Haffkine: Polyvalent⁴

Bungarus fasciatus Banded krait
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder³
(India) Kasuli: Polyvalent¹
(Indonesia) Persuahaan negara Bio farma: Bungarus1^,2,*

Bungarus flaviceps Red-headed krait
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder³

Bungarus multicinetus Taiwan krait
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
(Australia) CSL: Death Adder³
(India) Haffkine: Bungarus^2,*
(Taiwan) Nat. Inst. of Preventative Med: Naja-Bungarus^1,2

Crotalus species of N. America Rattlesnakes of Canada, USA, and Mexico
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Mexico) MYN: Polyvalent^1,2,*
(Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^1,2,3,*
(Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2

Crotalus basiliscus Mexican West Coast rattlesnake
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2
(Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^1,*
(Mexico) MYN Polyvalent - Crotalus^1,3,*

Crotalus durissus durissus Central American rattlesnake
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 Neotropical rattlesnake
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
(Brazil) Butantan: Anticrotalico²
(Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^3,*

Crotalus durissus terrificus South American rattlesnake
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 Cascabel
(Brazil) Butantan: Anticrotalico¹
(Brazil)Syntex: Anticrotalico^1,2
(Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2
(Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^1,2,3,*

Crotalus tigris Tiger rattlesnake
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Mexico) MYN: Polyvalent - Crotalus^1,2,3,*
(Mexico) MYN: Polyvalent^1,2,*

Dendroaspis angusticeps Eastern (Africa) green mamba
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-12 vials)^1,2,3
(France) Dendroaspis^1,3,P

Dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni Jameson's mamba
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-15 vials)^1,2,3
(France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3

Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae Eastern African Jameson's mamba
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-15 vials)^1,2,3
(France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3

Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis Black mamba
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-20 vials)^1,2,3
(France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3,P
(Germany) Central Africa^1,2

Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii Antinori's black mamba
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-20 vials)^1,2,3
(France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3,P
(Germany) Central Africa^1,2

Dendroaspis viridis Western (Africa) green mamba
(France) Dendroaspis: Trivalent Mamba (4-12 vials)^1,2,3
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Germany) Central Africa^1,2

Lachesis mutus mutus Bushmaster
Surucucu

(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antilaquetico^1,2,3
(Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico - lachetico^1,2
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2

Lachesis mutus stenophrys Bushmaster
(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Costa Rica) Antilaquesico^1,2,*
(Costa Rica) Polyvalent¹
(Brazil) Butantan: Antilaquetico^1,3

Naja melanoleuca Forest Cobra
Black (and White) Cobra

(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-10 vials)^1,2,3
(Iran) Razi: Polyvalent³
(Australia)CSL: Polyvalent³
(Germany) Central & Northwest Africa^1,2,3
(France) Bitis-Echis-Naja^1,2

Naja naja kaouthia Monocled
Monocellate

(India)Haffkine: Polyvalent (3-15 vials)¹
(Iran) Razi: Naja naja monovalent or polyvalent³
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,3
(Australia) Polyvalent^1,3
(Thailand) Cobra^1,2

Naja naja naja Indian cobra or Cobra de Capello
Common cobra

(India)Haffkine: Polyvalent (3-15 vials)^1,2
(Iran) Razi: Polyvalent or Monovalent³
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,2,3
(Australia) Polyvalent³
(France) Near Middle East¹

Naja nivea Cape cobra
Yellow cobra

(Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-20 vials)^1,2,3
(Iran) Razi: Polyvalent³
(Australia) Polyvalent³
(France) Bitis-Echis-Naja^1,2

Notechis ater ater Krefft's tiger snake
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (5-10 vials)³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³

Notechis ater humphreysi King Island tiger snake
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (3-12 vials)³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³

Notechis ater niger Peninsula or Southern tiger snake
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (7-12 vials)³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³

Notechis ater occidentalis Western Australian tiger snake
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (5-12 vials)³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³

Notechis ater serventyi Chappell Island tiger snake
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (5-12 vials)³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³

Notechis scutatus scutatus Australian Mainland or Common tiger snake
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (1-10 vials)^1,2,3
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3

Ophiophagus hannah King cobra
(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (4-20 vials)³
(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,3
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
(Thailand) King Cobra^1,2

Oxyuranus microlepidotus Inland taipan
(Australia) CSL: Taipan (1-10 vials)³
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³

Oxyuranus scutellatus canni Papuan taipan
(Australia) CSL: Taipan (1-10 vials)^1,2,3
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3

Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus Australian taipan
(Australia) CSL: Taipan (1-10 vials)^1,2,3
(Australia) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3

Vipera russelli (siamensis) Russell's viper
(India) Haffkine: Polyvalent³
(India) Kasauli: Polyvalent^1,2
(Iran) Polyvalent²
(Burma) Divalent^1,*
(India) Haffkine: Vipera^1,2,*

¹ Russell, F.E.: Snake Venom Poisoning. Scholium International, Inc. Great Neck, New York, 1983. Pages 374-394.
² Antivenom Index. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and American Association of Poison Control Centers, Tuscon, Arizona, 1986. Pages 12-25.
³ Minton, S.A.: Personal communication to the San Diego Zoo, 1985.
⁴ Warrell, D.A., Looareesuwan, S., et al: Severe neurotoxic envenoming by the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (linnaeus): Response to antivenom and anticholinesterase. Brit Med J, 286:678-680, February 1983.
^* Not available in antivenom, index participating institutions.
^P Paraspecific

CSL= Commonwealth Serum Laboratories
INH= Inst. Nacional de Higiene

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SCIENTIFIC NAME	COMMON NAME	CHOICE OF ANTIVENOM
Acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus	Common death adder	(Australia) CSL: Death Adder Anti-venom (2-6 vials) ^1,2,3 (Australia - New Guinea) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3
Acanthophis antarcticus laevis	Eastern death adder	(Australia) CSL: Death Adder Antivenom (2-6 vials)^1,2,3 (Australia - New Guinea) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3
Acanthophis pyrrhus	Desert or Central death adder	(Australia) CSL: Death Adder Antivenom (2-6 vials)^1,3 (Australia-New Guinea) CSL: Polyvalent³
Bothrops alternatus	Urutu	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3 (Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2
Bothrops atrox	Barba amarilla (Fer-de-lance)	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico2,3 (Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2 (Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2
Bothrops atroxalsoBothrops asper	Terciopelo (Fer-de-lance)	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan:Antibothropico³ (Mexico) INH: Polyvalent¹
Bothrops andianus	Andean pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops bilineatus bilineatus	Amazonian pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Venezuela) Polyvalent¹ (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops brazili	Brazil's tree viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Peru) INH: Polyvalent¹ (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops caribbeaus	St. Lucia pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops cotiara	Cotiara	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3 (Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antiphidico¹
Bothrops godmani	Godman's pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops jararaca	Jararaca	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico -lachetic^1,2 (Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2
Bothrops jararacussu	Jararacussu	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico - lachetic^1,2 (Brazil) Syntex: Antibothropico^1,2
Bothrops lanceolatus	Fer-de-lance	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops lateralis	Palm viper Yellow-lined palm (pit) viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops nasuta	Hog-nosed pit viper Hog-nosed viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops neuwiedi	Maxmilian's viper Wied's lancehead	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico^1,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antiphidico¹ (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico - lachetico¹
Bothrops nigroviridis	Black spotted palm (pit) viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops nummifer	Jumping pit viper Jumping viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops ophroyomegas	Western hog-nosed pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops peruvianus	Peruvian pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops picadoi	Picadoi pit viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bothrops schlegeli	Eyelash viper	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Venezuela) Polyvalent¹ (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico³
Bungarus caeruleus	Indian krait	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³ (Australia) CSL: Death Adder³ (India) Haffkine: Bungarus^1,2 (India) Haffkine: Polyvalent^1,2
Bungarus candidus	Malayan krait	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³ (Australia) CSL: Death Adder³ (India) Haffkine: Polyvalent⁴
Bungarus fasciatus	Banded krait	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³ (Australia) CSL: Death Adder³ (India) Kasuli: Polyvalent¹ (Indonesia) Persuahaan negara Bio farma: Bungarus1^,2,*
Bungarus flaviceps	Red-headed krait	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³ (Australia) CSL: Death Adder³
Bungarus multicinetus	Taiwan krait	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³ (Australia) CSL: Death Adder³ (India) Haffkine: Bungarus^2,* (Taiwan) Nat. Inst. of Preventative Med: Naja-Bungarus^1,2
Crotalus species of N. America	Rattlesnakes of Canada, USA, and Mexico	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Mexico) MYN: Polyvalent^1,2,* (Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^1,2,3,* (Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2
Crotalus basiliscus	Mexican West Coast rattlesnake	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2 (Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^1,* (Mexico) MYN Polyvalent - Crotalus^1,3,*
Crotalus durissus durissus	Central American rattlesnake	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,3 Neotropical rattlesnake (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2 (Brazil) Butantan: Anticrotalico² (Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^3,*
Crotalus durissus terrificus	South American rattlesnake	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 Cascabel (Brazil) Butantan: Anticrotalico¹ (Brazil)Syntex: Anticrotalico^1,2 (Mexico) INH: Polyvalent^1,2 (Mexico) MYN: Anticrotalico^1,2,3,*
Crotalus tigris	Tiger rattlesnake	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Mexico) MYN: Polyvalent - Crotalus^1,2,3,* (Mexico) MYN: Polyvalent^1,2,*
Dendroaspis angusticeps	Eastern (Africa) green mamba	(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-12 vials)^1,2,3 (France) Dendroaspis^1,3,P
Dendroaspis jamesoni jamesoni	Jameson's mamba	(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-15 vials)^1,2,3 (France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3
Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae	Eastern African Jameson's mamba	(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-15 vials)^1,2,3 (France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3
Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis	Black mamba	(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-20 vials)^1,2,3 (France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3,P (Germany) Central Africa^1,2
Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii	Antinori's black mamba	(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-20 vials)^1,2,3 (France) Dendroaspis^1,2,3,P (Germany) Central Africa^1,2
Dendroaspis viridis	Western (Africa) green mamba	(France) Dendroaspis: Trivalent Mamba (4-12 vials)^1,2,3 (S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Germany) Central Africa^1,2
Lachesis mutus mutus	Bushmaster Surucucu	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antilaquetico^1,2,3 (Brazil) Butantan: Antibothropico - lachetico^1,2 (Costa Rica) Polyvalent^1,2
Lachesis mutus stenophrys	Bushmaster	(USA) Wyeth Crotalidae: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Costa Rica) Antilaquesico^1,2,* (Costa Rica) Polyvalent¹ (Brazil) Butantan: Antilaquetico^1,3
Naja melanoleuca	Forest Cobra Black (and White) Cobra	(S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-10 vials)^1,2,3 (Iran) Razi: Polyvalent³ (Australia)CSL: Polyvalent³ (Germany) Central & Northwest Africa^1,2,3 (France) Bitis-Echis-Naja^1,2
Naja naja kaouthia	Monocled Monocellate	(India)Haffkine: Polyvalent (3-15 vials)¹ (Iran) Razi: Naja naja monovalent or polyvalent³ (S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,3 (Australia) Polyvalent^1,3 (Thailand) Cobra^1,2
Naja naja naja	Indian cobra or Cobra de Capello Common cobra	(India)Haffkine: Polyvalent (3-15 vials)^1,2 (Iran) Razi: Polyvalent or Monovalent³ (S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,2,3 (Australia) Polyvalent³ (France) Near Middle East¹
Naja nivea	Cape cobra Yellow cobra	(Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent (4-20 vials)^1,2,3 (Iran) Razi: Polyvalent³ (Australia) Polyvalent³ (France) Bitis-Echis-Naja^1,2
Notechis ater ater	Krefft's tiger snake	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (5-10 vials)³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
Notechis ater humphreysi	King Island tiger snake	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (3-12 vials)³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
Notechis ater niger	Peninsula or Southern tiger snake	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (7-12 vials)³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
Notechis ater occidentalis	Western Australian tiger snake	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (5-12 vials)³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
Notechis ater serventyi	Chappell Island tiger snake	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (5-12 vials)³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
Notechis scutatus scutatus	Australian Mainland or Common tiger snake	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (1-10 vials)^1,2,3 (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3
Ophiophagus hannah	King cobra	(Australia) CSL: Tiger Snake (4-20 vials)³ (S. Africa) SAIMR: Polyvalent^1,3 (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³ (Thailand) King Cobra^1,2
Oxyuranus microlepidotus	Inland taipan	(Australia) CSL: Taipan (1-10 vials)³ (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent³
Oxyuranus scutellatus canni	Papuan taipan	(Australia) CSL: Taipan (1-10 vials)^1,2,3 (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3
Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus	Australian taipan	(Australia) CSL: Taipan (1-10 vials)^1,2,3 (Australia) CSL: Polyvalent^1,2,3
Vipera russelli (siamensis)	Russell's viper	(India) Haffkine: Polyvalent³ (India) Kasauli: Polyvalent^1,2 (Iran) Polyvalent² (Burma) Divalent^1,* (India) Haffkine: Vipera^1,2,*

¹	Russell, F.E.: Snake Venom Poisoning. Scholium International, Inc. Great Neck, New York, 1983. Pages 374-394.
²	Antivenom Index. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and American Association of Poison Control Centers, Tuscon, Arizona, 1986. Pages 12-25.
³	Minton, S.A.: Personal communication to the San Diego Zoo, 1985.
⁴	Warrell, D.A., Looareesuwan, S., et al: Severe neurotoxic envenoming by the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (linnaeus): Response to antivenom and anticholinesterase. Brit Med J, 286:678-680, February 1983.
^*	Not available in antivenom, index participating institutions.
^P	Paraspecific